Job stress to job performance Essay Example for Free

Employment worry to work execution Essay The postulation chose for my investigate which is called â€Å"A Study on Job Stress to Job Performance: Counseling as a Moderator† was composed by Tseng, Yu-man in 2013. The postulation was finished by a halfway satisfaction of the necessities for the Degree of Master of Human Resource Management. It very well may be found on the Electronic Thesis Harvestable and Extensible System of National Sun Yat-Sen University. In this article, the diagram of the proposal will be just portrayed followed by the scrutinize on the examination plan and information investigation. A pithy section on the general impressions will likewise be involved with potential proposals made in the end part. Diagram of the examination theory: In the proposition, the creator planned to comprehend the connection between work pressure and occupation execution. As indicated by the relationship, she investigated â€Å"Is specialist a mediator between work pressure and employment execution. † She additionally analyzed â€Å"Is the individual segment data as a conspicuous distinction between work pressure and employment execution. † Quantitative technique was applied and information was gathered from the poll study. Moreover, the proposition utilized some measurement strategy in this examination, for example, gathering information through surveys, factor investigation, illustrative measurement, T test, ANOVA, relationship investigation, relapse investigation. Be that as it may, tragically, there is no data to determine whether the expert as a mediator between work pressure and employment execution. The creator proposed in reverse analyst can apply ink to paper or profundity talk with more while doing survey structure. The outcomes showed that: 1. Occupation stress and employment execution have measurably negative relationship. 2. There is no answer about if the specialist as a mediator between work pressure and employment execution. Nobody has the experience of looking for the specialist in the recovered poll materials. In this way, it can't learn if the advisor as an arbitrator between work pressure and occupation execution. 3. Marriage has a compelling impact in the connection between work pressure and occupation execution. Other individual segment data, for example, sex, age, tutoring record, rank and current situation inside organization, don't have critical contrast in the connection between work pressure and employment execution. Study of the examination plan: (a) Problem articulation/presentation part: The presentation part comprises of the weights among our every day life and how it influences us to become upsetting that undermine our lives. This is on the grounds that there are contrasts among weights and stresses. Weights originate from outer, yet focuses create from interior. The creator states especially and definitely the causal connections of weights and stresses. To begin with, she drew out an idea that self destruction is a genuine logical issue. It leads out another idea that â€Å"Should we battle to endure? † Then, she utilized loads of occurrences for show. In conclusion, she said there will be less sick impacts in the event that we have moderate approaches to loosen up when we have weights and stresses. The creator appears to have passed up a great opportunity indicating what the correct practices are for discharging our weights and stresses. This is significant to tell the perusers that a few people unwind in awful practices, for example, smoking which can create a more exasperated issue than weights and stresses. (b) Literature audit of the investigation: In the writing audit area of this proposition, the substance is talked about methodicallly in the accompanying game plan: stress; work pressure; work execution; the connection between work pressure and occupation execution; and consultative. The literary works spoke to comprehensive and identified with the subjects of study. The writing surveys have a couple of qualities that help the perusers comprehend the substance without any problem. The substance depicted profoundly with various sorts of charts suitably. For instance, it referenced the researchers have bunches of perspectives in various years, it appears there are visit changes in the meanings of the terms every year. Besides, it utilized graphic measurement to investigate the elements exactly. Be that as it may, there are a few upgrades required in the regions. It is by all accounts somewhat unequal in characterizing all the terms. Here are a few recommendations for development. To start with, it portrayed a great deal in each factor of pressure, work pressure and occupation execution. The theory is primarily centered around the connection between work pressure and occupation execution, however the writing audits portrayed the relationship in a straightforward way. There ought to be more data with cases to examine the relationship. Subsequently, the dependability of the examination will be expanded and the enticement will likewise be upgraded. (c) Methodology of the examination: The exploration was to explore the pragmatic conditions of the factors among the exploration subjects. The examination subjects are the representatives of assembling and administration industry. In this way, the creator utilized a polls strategy to deal with the examination. Right off the bat, she built the exploration structures. Besides, she set up the exploration suspicions after the examination systems. She likewise affirms the operational definitions and considers what ought to be utilized as the instrument. In the principal expression, the examination systems set up a structure of the connection between work pressure and employment execution, likewise with the other factor of guiding. At that point, the examination presumptions set up two suspicions as the relativity supposition and decent variety suspicion. For the relativity suspicion, the creator expected that there is a conspicuous connection and advisor as an arbitrator has a powerful impact in the connection between work pressure and occupation execution. For the decent variety supposition, the creator accepted that sex, age, marriage, level of training, long stretches of administration and current obligation have variation impact in the connection between work pressure and occupation execution. In the subsequent expression, the exploration configuration has utilized factor examination, connection investigation and relapse investigation in operational definition, work pressure estimation table and employment execution estimation table among work pressure, work execution and directing. For work pressure, the creator utilized Strees’s hypothesis (1988) which accepts an individual will have work pressure when confronting a few dangers from work. Likewise, she utilized the estimation table with 32 inquiries in 5-point likert scale: consistently, regularly, at times, sometimes and never, distributed by Institute of Occupational Safety and Health in Council of Labor Affairs in 1995 to quantify. For work execution, the creator utilized Campbell’s hypothesis (1987) which accepts that activity execution identified with the procedure when an individual who has the eagerness to assist the association with accomplishing the objectives. Also, she utilized the estimation table with 24 inquiries in 5-point likert scale: very concur, concur, no feeling, differ and very deviate, received from Yu Dak Shing’s interpretation with minor revisions that distributed by Motowidlo Van Scotter (1994) Task Performance Questionnaire the Task Performance Questionnaire (TPQ) and logical execution survey (Contextual Performance Questionnaire, CPQ) to gauge. For guiding, the creator characterized it in a mental point of view that an individual will utilize the individual data to get oneself and make upgrades in adjusting to the new situations. What's more, she utilized a modified estimation table concerning Taiwan Tobacco Liquor Corporation. Be that as it may, it is an uncertainty whether the exploration configuration can get the outcomes unmistakably and dependably. This is on the grounds that the estimation tables don't show a conspicuous relationship between's activity stress and employment execution. This will make up certain blunders. In addition, the creator doesn't make reference to the measures of exploration subjects. To expand the unwavering quality and accuracy, the creator should make reference to the measures of examination subjects and its responsiveness. Likewise, she should discover more references for making the estimation table in an undeniable relationship. (d) Discussion and Conclusion of the Study: In the conversation segment, results were deciphered and potential clarifications were given. The essentialness of the examinations is low on the grounds that the example size is confined. This has been validated by the researcher’s conversation that the vast majority of the elements (work pressure and employment execution) don't comprise of any relationship with directing. The scientist ought to improve the procedure particularly examining. The end was profoundly stayed as the analyst characterized it into 6 pieces of various information. In any case, the greater part of them didn't show any relationship with one another. Thusly, the researcher’s endeavors were futile. End: Overall, this examination study gives us a decent view on the current circumstance of the degree on â€Å"Job Stress to Job Performance: Counseling as a Moderator† in Taiwan. It gives broadened audit on both global and neighborhood writings. The information and investigation were spoken to in an orderly and coherent manner with the goal that perusers can easily grasp. Be that as it may, the gathered information included a wide scope of various elements for analyzing the impacts in the relationship. It ought to be communicated all the more obviously in certain definitions. Something else, the importance of the sentence may in some cases confound people‘s understanding. Reference: Tseng, Yu-man (2009). A Study on Job Stress to Job Performance:Counseling as a Moderator. Taiwan: National Sun Yat-sen University, Retrieved April 1, 2013, from eThesys: http://etd. lib. nsysu. edu. tw/ETD-db/ETD-search-c/view_etd? URN=etd-1103109-054940 Cooper, C. L. , Sloan, S. J. S. Williams, (1988). Word related pressure marker the executives control, Windsor, NFER-Nelson. Brian Seaward, Job pressure

Equity and Trust Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Value and Trust - Research Proposal Example In spite of the fact that money commitments are commonly seen as value flexible, property commitments are value versatile just for high-salary citizens. These outcomes recommend that the present duty supported status for gifts of acknowledged resources by citizens other than the affluent ought to be reconsidered. These discoveries are likewise significant while considering elective assessment framework proposition, for example, the level duty which doesn't allow a finding for altruistic commitments. It isn't just the altruistic status of tuition based schools and emergency clinics that are undermined by the arrangements of the draft Charities Bill. The evacuation of the lawful assumption, which will expect good cause to decidedly demonstrate the advantages conveyed to people in general, will challenge the foundation status of numerous religious associations too. The legitimate assumption for this situation and numerous others is no... Or maybe it is a vital gadget to ensure those foundations that convey backhanded advantages not expose to the inconsiderate look of open investigation. To battle unsafe segregation by private expense bolstered gatherings, society should, at least, augment the utilization of all as of now existing lawful devices. One such instrument utilized by the government against private gatherings (regardless of whether charge upheld or not) is the molding, under social liberties laws, of the receipt of bureaucratic monetary help (FFA) on the beneficiary's deal to avoid separating. In any case, these social equality laws have not been deciphered extensively enough to apply to private, charge bolstered associations dependent on their receipt of tax cuts.

Im only happy when it rains.

I’m only happy when it rains. So, we had this great idea of going to Shakespeare on the Common, a free Shakespeare production that they put on every summer down at Boston Common. Its a scenic walk about thirty minutes from MIT, the sun was shining, birds were chirping, the Red Sox were winning, so, I figured, sure, what could go wrong if we headed down to the Common to see it? On the way, we stopped at The Wrap, a local Boston fast food chain which give. As a purveyor of primarily wrapped items, theyre even nice enough to give you directions on consuming their food, which we all ignored, but I still appreciate the idea. I got a veggie burrito with mango salsa, which was pretty much the first delicious meal Ive had from a restaurant since I started this awful, misguided experiment in temporary vegetarianism. Anyway, we took the wraps (and nutella milkshakes) down to the park, set out Ruths blanket (a family heirloom), and settled into a nice picnic in Boston Common. Last year, the Commonwealth Shakespeare Company did a pretty good production of As You Like It, but I must confess that I had a hard time following the plot. This time, the company was doing a production of Hamlet, starring Jeffrey Donovan from Hitch and Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2. Really! I actually studied Hamlet fairly closely in 21L.009 Shakespeare my Freshman year, so I was I excited to finally see a live version. Now, I learned from Professor Donaldson that Hamlet is Shakespeares most difficult play, as well as the greatest thing ever written in the English language, nobody has ever even come close to understanding it, and there has never been an acceptable production done by anybody, except for this one Russian film version with a lot of broken crosses that nobody has ever seen except Professor Donaldson. So, actually, the class didnt prepare me at all to analyze this production, but I did make a B+ on the major paper, so I figure I must have learned something. Perhaps Boo k-A-Minute gives the most insightful analysis of all. The production was pretty good, but not really inspiring. A lot of the soliloquies felt like the actors were basically just reciting Shakespeares words, although Hamlet himself did make a clear effort to apply more modern speech patterns to the plays text. They also had some well-engineered puppetry going on with the ghosts freakishly long arms, waving, waving, waving frantically about on the barren, abstract set. Also, the play got rained out right after *SPOILER* Poloniuss death, so we never got to see the ending where *SPOILER* everybody else dies. There was also a huge wading pool in front of the stage, which was necessary for that crucial scene where Hamlet, feigning madness, wanders out in front of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with an inflatable pool toy, swims around for a while, and then starts suntanning. This also served as a terrible electrocution hazard during the play-ending thunderstorm. Still, I cant complain too muchthe price was right, and Id probably even be enticed to go see a Clay Aiken concert if it were free and staged in Boston Common. Certainly, this was several orders of magnitude more entertaining, not to mention more enlightening, than a Clay Aiken concert would be. Youre not allowed to take pictures of the production for the safety of the actors, so heres a bunch of shots of us making scary faces. Ruth 07 is watching you with her freakish giant eyes. Jon 06 is a quiet serial killer. Brian 06 is a manic serial killer. Me, eating dinner, cheerfully. Beckett 06 is so unbelievably scary that my camera would break if it focused on him. Jon 06, left, insisted on posing for every picture I took of him for fear that I would take a terrible picture and then post it on the internet. He also pretended that he doesnt know anything about this blog even though I know he reads it because I installed StatCounter last week and I keep getting hits from PLP-FIFTY-FIVE. Hi Jon 06! Hope you like this picture! After the torrent, Ruth and I were getting off the T when we simultaneously wondered whether the Starbucks in Kendall Square was open at 10:32 PM at night. Answer: nope, Chester. I knew from experience last week that Dunkin Donuts coffee would be subpar (they use solid sugar rather than a sugar syrup [like Starbucks] and it does not dissolve as well, making inferior iced coffee info courtesy Spencer 07), plus Ruth really loves her some frappuccino, so we decided to get right back on the T and backtrack past Boston Common to Newbury Street, where we found a Starbucks ready to close in about 3 minutes. We wanted to take a picture of ourselves at the cash register to prove our devotion to overpriced non-Fair Trade coffee, but the barrista quickly told us that its actually against Starbucks company policy to take pictures in the store. I joked that it was probably because of trade secrets or something (cappuccino machine design?) but then the barrista instantly became serious and told us harshly that youre not allowed to photograph the interior of a Starbucks for security reasons. Now, I know that sometimes the police get upset if you take photographs of, like, the entrances to government buildings or something, especially during the DNC, but seriously, this is not exactly a government facility, this is a tiny little Starbucks near the end of Bostons most enchanting street. So, the moral of the story is screw you, Starbucks. Anyway, we got a picture outside, and although were smiling, you can see the rage in our eyes. Oh, how we seethe, how we seethe even now. With nothing else to do, we capped off the evening by strolling into the nearby Virgin Megastore. Here, we took this picture: These were sitting on the discount CD table and cost one dollar each. Because the discount table is right in front of the cash register, we decided to take the CDs over to the clothing section in case its illegal to take pictures in a Virgin Megastore too. I was a little worried that the cashier would see us taking off with them and reprimand us for trying to steal merchandise. Oh, wait, thats right, we would be stealing Carrie Underwoods debut single. Who would steal Carrie Underwoods debut single? No, really. DID YOU KNOW? Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia are the only four states which are commonwealths. Edit for Eric: From a government perspective, it actually means absolutely nothing for a US State to be a commonwealth. Philosophically, the government of a commonwealth should be based on the common consent of the people, an idea dating to Oliver Cromwells rule in seventeenth-century England. However, the idea is quite outdated these days.

The Natural Nature Of Human Beings - 1693 Words

Human beings became unique as a result of consciousness that is immediately they begun to produce their means of substance, they automatically begun to distinguish themselves from all other things including animals. That is where the mode of production sets in hence the formation of society. There is this natural instinct that exist in human i.e. whenever human beings come together the spirit of leadership or headship automatically permeate either through wealth, religion, age, etc. The mode of production came to existence as a result of what nature has created and that is what led to the process of division of labor which has brought a system or organization in which we see ranks in a society. The system developed to the extent that someone has to be at the top in other to control those at the bottom and also led to the barter system where money were being use in exchange of commodities, (†We now have to grasp the essential connection between private property, greed, the separation of labor, capital and landed property, exchange and competition, value and the devaluation [Entwertung] of man, monopoly and competition, etc. – the connection between this entire system of estrangement [Enifremdung] and the money system.†) This system which finally resulted in a production of commodities or service to mankind has brought the relation to the worker (producer), the commodity (product) and property owner. Each of these three entities are very importa nt to each other, the workerShow MoreRelatedNature Is The Natural Root Of Human Beings Essay2007 Words   |  9 PagesNature From the very beginning, we have took whatever we knew and created certain things that would help us get through life better. We were gifted with brains that allow us to think rather than strength as other creatures. Although the time that we had took to make changes to the world was quite a long time, but it had an enormous impact to the evolution of human beings. Exploration is a good skill which has helped us gather the information from the environment around us. Intelligent is a centralRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory Of Human Nature954 Words   |  4 PagesIt is our human nature that makes us feel great when we get a job and makes us feel horrible for something we steal something. This is because it feels natural for us to feel that we did something right or wrong. The natural law theory tells us that an action is morally right if it is natural and an action is wrong if it is unnatural. This means that human morality comes from nature and has a purpose to live a good life. If so meone’s actions are preventing them from making them live a good life,Read MoreUniversalist Theory Of Universalism1237 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess. The justification for this rises from human nature, which is a shared vulnerability of suffering and demands universal reasoning. It also involves religion mandates and existing moral codes. It contrasts moral relativism, which claims that moral truths are relative to personal, historical, cultural, and social circumstances. There are three Universalist theories. They include Rationalism, Legalism, and Natural Lae. The focus of this discussion is Natural Lae. It is a moral theory that claims jurisprudenceRead MoreThe New Technology Can Save Lives960 Words   |  4 Pagesusing this technology to help save lives. Somatic gene therapy and germline engineering are misused according to McKibben if they increase performance of the individual, while Kurzweil thinks anything is acceptable when it increases performance of the human spec ies. Another thing that both Kurzweil and McKibben believe is that people will accept this new technology with open arms. McKibben gives the example that people inject Botox into their bodies to make themselves look and feel better, so he thinksRead MoreKant s View On Morality921 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Kant, moral laws cannot be derived from human nature. To put it in other terms, it is not human nature that should be used as a model to how we should behave morally. Kant believed that humans do not always make the right moral decisions because human nature can be flawed at times, often times choosing an animalistic desire over doing something that is morally permissible. In addition, Kant believed that the outcome of human nature is not the central issue when it comes to knowing whatRead More`` Faking Nature `` By Robert Elliot745 Words   |  3 PagesAuthenticity holds intrinsic value. The process of destroying something to then later recreate it removes its authent icity and in turn, its intrinsic value. In his essay, Faking Nature, Robert Elliot argues that the recreation of natural landscapes after human destruction strips nature of its value. Rather than disrupting and restoring landscapes, Elliot emphasizes the priority should be preserving it. Elliot rejects the argument of the restoration thesis which is the claim that a recreation ofRead MoreDavid Humes Distinction Between Natural and Artificial Virtues1060 Words   |  5 Pages In David Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature, he divides the virtues of human beings into two types: natural and artificial. He argues that laws are artificial and a human invention. Therefore, he makes the point that justice is an artificial virtue instead of a natural virtue. He believed that human beings are moral by nature – they were born with some sense of morality and that in order to understand our â€Å"moral conceptions,† studying human psychology is the key (Moehler). In this paper, I will argueRead MoreThe Theory Of God s Eternal Law1382 Words   |  6 PagesMetaphysics recognizes that the ultimate reason for being is made manifest in the created structure of reality by God, who is a subsistent being. Since God is a subsistent being, all creatures, including huma ns, are â€Å"placed by him in existence† and they are therefore naturally oriented towards him. Because of this, â€Å"natural law is therefore defined as a participation in the eternal law,† and it is mediated by human reason and human inclinations—which participate in the divine intelligence. TheseRead MoreBlade Runner and New Brave Worlds Perspectives on Humanity Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Blade Runner: Director’s Cut† and Aldous Huxley’s novel â€Å"Brave New World† explore the concept of ‘In The Wild’ by focusing on the natural world and its rhythms falling victim to unbridled scientific development. They present a wedge that is divorcing man from his relationship with nature, in an attempt to define what it means to be ‘human’. Both texts depict chilling dystopic futures where the materialistic scientific and economic ways of thinking have been allowed toRead MoreThe Idea Of Natural Selection872 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of anthropocentrism provides comfort to humans. It posits that in this messy, incomprehensible world, we are still the central species. This idea allows, and even encourages, humans to view the world through a very anthropological lens and assume that, because we are the dominant and most important species, nature works in human terms and is the domain of man. The idea of creationism is very anthropocentric itself. In the Hebrew Bible, man was created before all other animals and designed

Purple Prose - Definition and Examples

A generally pejorative term for writing or speech characterized by ornate, flowery, or hyperbolic language  is known as purple prose. Contrast it with plain style. The double meaning of the term purple is useful, says  Stephen H. Webb. [I]t is both imperial and regal, demanding attention, and overly ornate, ostentatious, even marked by profanity (Blessed Excess, 1993).Bryan Garner notes that purple prose derives from the Latin phrase purpureus pannus, which appears in the Ars Poetica of Horace (65-68 B.C.) (Garners Modern American Usage, 2009). Examples and Observations: Once in the hands of Duncan Nicol it was translated, as by consecration in the name of a divinity more benevolent than all others, into pisco punch, the wonder and glory of San Francisco’s heady youth, the balm and solace of fevered generations, a drink so endearing and inspired that although its prototype has vanished, its legend lingers on, one with the Grail, the unicorn, and the music of the spheres.†(Columnist Lucius Beebe, Gourmet magazine, 1957; quoted by M. Carrie Allan in Spirits: Pisco Punch, a San Francisco Classic Cocktail With Official Aspirations. The Washington Post, October 3, 2014)Outside pockets of euphoria in Burnley, Hull and Sunderland, fans have been wallowing in liquor-soaked self-pity as the chill hand of failure gripped them by the neck and flung them mercilessly onto the scrap heap of broken dreams. (Please forgive my purple prose here: as a red of the Stretford variety I am perhaps inappropriately using this weeks digest as catharsis, but Ill m ove on, I promise.)(Mark Smith, The Northerner: United in Grief. The Guardian, May 28, 2009)Uncle Toms Cabin suffers from padding (what the French call remplissage), from improbable plot contrivances, mawkish sentimentality, unevenness in prose quality, and purple prose--sentences like, Even so, beloved Eva! fair star of thy dwelling! Thou art passing away; but they that love thee dearest know it not.(Charles Johnson, Ethics and Literature. Ethics, Literature, and Theory: An Introductory Reader, 2nd ed., edited by Stephen K. George. Rowman Littlefield, 2005)Characteristics of Purple ProseThe culprits of purple prose are usually modifiers that make your writing wordy, overwrought, distracting, and even silly. . . .In purple prose, skin is always creamy, eyelashes always glistening, heroes always brooding, and sunrises always magical. Purple prose also features an abundance of metaphors and figurative language, long sentences, and abstractions.(Jessica Page Morrell, Between the Lines . Writers Digest Books, 2006)In Defense of Purple ProseCertain producers of plain prose have conned the reading public into believing that only in prose plain, humdrum or flat can you articulate the mind of inarticulate ordinary Joe. Even to begin to do that you need to be more articulate than Joe, or you might as well tape-record him and leave it at that. This minimalist vogue depends on the premise that only an almost invisible style can be sincere, honest, moving, sensitive and so forth, whereas prose that draws attention to itself by being revved up, ample, intense, incandescent or flamboyant turns its back on something almost holy--the human bond with ordinariness. . . .It takes a certain amount of sass to speak up for prose thats rich, succulent and full of novelty. Purple is immoral, undemocratic and insincere; at best artsy, at worst the exterminating angel of depravity. So long as originality and lexical precision prevail, the sentient writer has a right to immerse himself or herself in phenomena and come up with as personal a version as can be. A writer who cant do purple is missing a trick. A writer who does purple all the time ought to have more tricks.(Paul West, In Defense of Purple Prose. The New York Times, Dec. 15, 1985)The Pejoration of Purple ProseThe idiom was originally a purple passage or purple patch, and the earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1598. The rhetorical sense in English comes from the Ars Poetica of Horace, specifically from the phrase purpureus pannus, a purple garment or raiment, the color purple symbolizing royalty, grandeur, power.Purple prose doesnt seem to have become wholly pejorative until the twentieth century when steep declines in the vocabulary and reading comprehension of college-educated Americans caused a panic in the education establishment and the newspaper industry, which together launched a campaign against prose that displayed royalty, grandeur, and power. This led to the disappearan ce of the semicolon, the invention of the sentence fragment, and a marked increase in the use of words like methodological.(Charles Harrington Elster, What in the Word? Harcourt, 2005) See also: AdjectivitisBaroqueBomphiologiaCacozeliaEloquenceEuphuismGongorismGrand StyleOverwritingPadding (Composition)ProseSamuel Johnson on the Bugbear StyleSkotisonTall TalkVerbiageVerbosity

Immigration in the 1920’s Free Essays

The way people were treated in the early 1920s would be considered outrageous today, but the discrimination has not come to a hault just yet. After carrying on for years, immigration laws are still being established today. Immigration has had a huge impact on modern day America because it created the quota laws, which have successfully helped the immigrants find their place in this society today, and discrimination has decreased dramatically, but has not concealed itself from this problem completely. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration in the 1920’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now The immigrants wanting to come to our country saw our world as a new start or even a new life for them, that’s when 1920s they decided to take immigration laws to the extreme to keep the massive flow of people out, â€Å"In 1919 a bill was introduced to suspend all immigration entirely while congress worked out a permanent plan for a more tightly restrictive policy† (Wepman 242). Although this law was only temporary, just shortly after more things started changing, â€Å"Signed by President Harding on May 19, 1921 called ‘the most important turning-point in American immigration history. An act to limit the immigration of aliens into the United States. † (Wepman 242). The limiting of the immigrants into the United States wasn’t the worst part, â€Å"One of the most painful results of the new quota restrictions was that they made no distinctions for personal relationships and often seperated families. †(Wepman 244). With of the family troubles that the immigrants had to deal with, â€Å"After the civil war the former slaves began to drift away from the rural south, where more than 90 percent of the black population of the United States had lived in antebellum era. †(Archdeacon 131).Even though right before World War I started, â€Å"Immigration dropped to new lows. During the 1930’s the annual quota was never completely filled, the total numbering less than 100,000 a year, and many emigrated out of the country. †(Daniels 247). With all these quota laws and such, that didn’t stop the discrimination from occurring. Many things with discrimination and the process of going through Ellis Island changed a lot over the 1920s. After World War I the immigration level reached an all time high after the lull during the war. â€Å"The Immigration Act of 1924 created a permanent quota system (that of 1921 was only temporary), educing the 1921 annual quota from 358,000 to 164,000. † (Wepman 243). Eventually they negotiated enough and got the number of immigrants down to 154,000.The whole point of the quota acts was to maintain the â€Å"character† of the United States. Although President Johnson wanted to eliminate all immigration not everyone did, â€Å"The unions, which had approved Johnson’s idea of banning all immigration, accepted it as a good compromise, and the New York Daily news applauded it for its protection of American job market from a flood of aliens willing to work for low wages. (Wepman 242). Now, as we are in the 21st century, and the economy at one of its lowest points, the immigrants of the world today are lucky to get a job with a minimum wage pay or even a job because of their race. After all these new laws were set, they had to have some kind of protection to keep the immigrants out, that is when they created Border Patrol. There was an over flow of laborers coming from the South which resulted in the establishment of U. S. Border Patrol on May 8, 1924.The Border Patrol consisted of over 450 officers; â€Å"Their main job was to ride the Mexican border on horseback seeking out smugglers and the hiding places of illegal aliens. †(Tischauser 100). Not only did they create the Border Patrol, they mad a ten-dollar visa fee with an additional six-dollar head tax for each applicant trying to get through. That new rule alone limited down the number of people to cross the border because only very few Mexicans made enough money to pay that fee. â€Å"During the first three years of operation, the Border Patrol turned back an annual average of fifteen thousand Mexicans seeking illegal entry. †(Tischauser 100).These numbers looked great for congress but the number of illegal immigrants started to become outrageously large, â€Å"Because of such fears, Congress, in 1929, voted to double the size of the Border Patrol and demanded a crackdown on illegal entry, and increased Border security. †(Tischauser 101). Although the 1920s was filled with glamour, there were other sides to this nation with horrible discrimination and racial issues. The Ku Klux Klan was a racist group of people that would do anything and go to any extreme to get the racial segregation they wanted and the white supremacy.There are over 40 different Klan groups that have previously xisted, â€Å"At first, the Ku Klux Klan focused its anger and violence on African-Americans, on white Americans who stood up for them, and against the federal government which supported their rights. Subsequent incarnations of the Klan, which typically emerged in times of rapid social change, added more categories to its enemies list, including Jews, Catholics, homosexuals, and different groups of immigrants. † (Anti-Defamation League). Throughout the years, the Klan had reached over four million members and just as they hit their peak, until people started realizing how racially absurd this group of Klansmen really was.Not shortly after that the Klan had split at the Democratic presidential convention and the public did not heed this very well, â€Å"by the end of the 20’s, a power struggle among the top positions of the Klan caused the group to split. The Klan quickly fizzled out with the conviction of the head of the Indiana Klan. Only a handful of Klansmen was the remainder of the millions that so previously had approved of the Klan’s violent acts† (Keeney). After all was said and done, the simplest way to put the KKK was, â€Å"they became champions of vigilante justice against bootleggers, wife-beaters, and adulters. (Keeney). Although the Klu Klux Klan â€Å"saw themselves as protecting the American family† (Kenney 1), many of the quota laws would set immigration up to fail. In our society today, we could have possibly reached an all time low in racism. In the state of Arizona, the governor has now passed a very sketchy law, â€Å"It requires police officers, â€Å"when practicable,† to detain people they reasonably suspect are in the country without authorization and to verify their status with federal officials, unless doing so would hinder an investigation or emergency medical treatment. †(New York Times). Having the discrimination back in the 1920s has carried on throughout the years, to the point where if a person walking down the street looks slightly Hispanic, police can demand to see documents that prove you are a citizen of this country that we live in. Immigrants’ back then thought they had it bad, the United States now bring all that racial hate back. . Immigration has had a huge impact on modern day America by setting the quota laws, the immigration acts, creating Border Patrol, and by trying to help people realize that even though you are from a different racial descent, you are still just as important as anyone else. Even though people may look at those of different ethnicities as less capable to do your job, they are actually the ones that are doing all the dirty work that we don’t want to do, so in the long run, we should be thanking them. Although Arizona has brought about the discrimination again, mostly throughout the United States people keep their hateful comments to themselves, and you don’t really find many gang members out there anymore, but everyone walking down the street should watch their back because you never know what’s coming for you. Works Cited Archdeacon, Thomas J. Becoming American. New York: The Free Press, 1983 Daniels, Roger. Coming to America. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1990 Wepman, Dennis. Immigration: From the founding of Virginia to the closing of Ellis Island. New York: Facts on File Inc. , 2002 Strelssguth, Thomas. The Roaring Twenties. New York: Facts on File Inc. , 2001 â€Å"Racism in the 1920s: The rise of the KKK and anti-immigration. † Kim Kenney. 15 January 2009, 2 May 2010. http://americanhistory. suite101. com/article. cfm/racism_in_the_1920s â€Å"Racial and Ethnic Discrimination† 2 May 2010. http://law. jrank. org/pages/9625/Racial-Ethnic-Discrimination. html How to cite Immigration in the 1920’s, Papers

Customer Social Network Affects Marketing Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Customer Social Network Affects Marketing Strategy. Answer: Concepts and processes within marketing Marketing is a concept and a philosophy by which a service or product is presented in an attractive way to the potential customers such that it affects their buying decision positively. In todays competitive world, the concepts of marketing play a pivotal role to stay ahead in competition and achieve a competitive edge (Baker 2014). The concepts and processes of marketing involves mainly production concept, product concept, selling concept, marketing concept, societal marketing concepts. The process of marketing involves the 7Ps of marketing mix. The 7 Ps include the seven essential elements of marketing. These are the product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical evidences. These are essential since the product is the article that needs to be marketed. The price of the product determines the affordability of the product. The place where the product is sold, determines the sale of the product (Hou et al. 2017). The way the product receives promotion also determines the sale of the product. Moreover, the people also play a key role. The people involve the target customers. Processes refer to the way the product is produced and finally reaches the customers. The physical evidence refers to the evidence of business as well as the presence of establishment of the business. Concepts of brand image are also considered in physical evidence. Importance of marketing in the chosen company The chosen company is Zara. This is a world class fashion brand operating in various countries around the world including Australia. Marketing has been an essential activity for this fashion brand and that has helped Zara to become such a famous brand of clothing and fashion accessories. One of the most important marketing strategies adopted by Zara is the ability to adapt quickly to the changing trend of fashion. Zara has also been passionate towards its customers, and introduces new fashion on demand of their loyal customers. Another essential marketing strategy adopted by Zara is offering latest fashion at an affordable price, thus attracting a large number of customers; Zara also has an efficient distribution system, which delivers the products within a very short period of time, thus promoting home delivery of their products. Along with in store marketing, online marketing and e-commerce is given adequate importance by Zara (Kim et al. 2016). For Zara, marketing plays an importa nt role, and various innovative strategies are launched to promote their products. Change in the perception of marketing The perception of marketing has changed a lot over time. Previously the product was the main focus of marketing and moderation in its price and promotion was the prime focus. However, in the changed perception, customer is given much more importance and feedback from the customers is being incorporated regularly (Zeriti et al. 2014). Moreover, web analytics is being used to track the personalized choices of the customers, and uses the results as a marketing device. Social networking has also gained importance as a media of marketing. Thus, the perception of marketing has changed a lot and improved to promote better sales. References Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hou, R., Wu, J. and Du, H.S., 2017. Customer social network affects marketing strategy: A simulation analysis based on competitive diffusion model.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,469, pp.644-653. Kim, S.J., Lee, J.Y. and Lee, K.H., 2016. Global Pricing Strategy of the SPA Brand: Comparison with GDP and Big Mac Index.Fashion Textile Research Journal,18(3), pp.301-316 Zeriti, A., Robson, M.J., Spyropoulou, S. and Leonidou, C.N., 2014. Sustainable export marketing strategy fit and performance.Journal of International Marketing,22(4), pp.44-66.

Best Film Schools free essay sample

Academy (China) (in Chinese) Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts (Hong Kong) (in English) Hong Kong Baptist University (Hong Kong) (in English) Best Film Schools in Ocenia AFTRS Australian Film, Television amp; Radio School (Australia) VCA Victorian College of Arts (Australia) University of Auckland (New Zealand) Best Film Schools in Africa Pretoria Technikon (South Africa) University of Cape Town (South Africa) Best Film Schools in Antartica Antartica International Film School (I am just kidding:-)) The best film schools in the world http://www. hollywoodreporter. com/news/best-film-schools-world-26870 International Academy of Film and Television in the Philippines AUSTRALIA The Australian Film, Television and Radio School The Australian Film, Television and Radio School has undergone some significant changes in the past two years, including the move to a new state-of-the-art campus in Sydneys film hub and an overhaul of the courses it offers to students and established industry practitioners. The 37-year-old national film school, funded annually by the Australian government with $22 million last year, holds a key position in the Australian film community with more than 2,000 graduates passing though its doors in that time. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Film Schools or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page AFTRS alumni include Oscar-winning cinematographers like Dion Beebe (Nine) and Andrew Lesnie (The Lovely Bones) and director Jane Campion (Bright Star). An array of courses covering producing, digital media and visual effects, art direction, documentary, screenwriting, screen music, production design and editing are offered, but at the heart of the school are its award courses for new and emerging filmmakers. They include a foundation diploma, a graduate certificate and graduate diploma. Positions in those highly competitive courses are given each year on a merit system based on students creative portfolios. Pip Bulbeck FRANCE La Femis Only 3% of hopefuls who take the entrance exam get into la Femis, the countrys most prestigious film school. Housed in Pathes old studios on Paris rue Francoeur, la Femis is a public institution under the French Ministry of Culture and Communication, meaning tuition is free to French students. It offers a well-rounded overview of the film business, including artistic development and technical training. Alumni include the creme-de-la-creme of French filmmaking, from Louis Malle, Alain Resnais and Costa-Gavras to newcomers like Francois Ozon, Laetitia Masson, Noemie Lvovsky and Rebecca Zlotowski. In their first year, students are initiated into all aspects of production before specializing in a specific field chosen from seven main departments: directing, editing, sound, set design, cinematography, screenwriting and production. More than 500 professionals come each year to give special classes or speeches, says Marine Multier, head of communications. This helps our students succeed in the professional world after they leave. Rebecca Leffler GERMANY Baden-Wurtemberg Film Academy While most European film schools focus on film history and the philosophy of cinema, at Baden-Wurtemberg they roll up their sleeves and get to work. When Roland Emmerich wanted a team to wipe out humanity for 1996s Independence Day, he went to the Baden-Wurtemberg Film Academy. Emmerichs friend Volker Engel, who taught animation there, recruited 14 students and graduates who would go on to win the 1997 Oscar for visual effects. Known for its practical approach to filmmaking, the academy is a leader in animation and visual effects training. In 2007, trade magazine 3D World ranked it the second-best animation college in the world, just behind Frances Supinfocom. The school fields regular nominees in the student Oscar race and has twice won the honor. Tike Constantin Hebbeln got it in 2006 for Nimmermeer and Thorsten Schmid in 1998 for Rochade. On-the-job experience is a key part of the academys teaching. Baden-Wurtemberg only admits students who have at least one of year of practical experience in the film business and two years for its producers program. The academy also works to expose students to an international network of filmmakers by organizing exchange programs with partner institutions like New Yorks School of Visual Arts and Polands National School of Film and TV in Lodz. Every year, Baden-Wurtemberg also organizes a Hollywood workshop, including studio tours and internships with production companies in L. A. Scott Roxborough Frances la Femis INDIA Whistling Woods International Despite being home to the worlds largest film industry, just five years ago India was in need of better-equipped film institutes. Enter veteran filmmaker Subhash Ghai, who launched Whistling Woods International, Asias largest film, TV, animation and media arts institute. Located on 20 acres in Mumbais Film City studio complex and sponsored by Ghais Mukta Arts (which has produced some of Bollywoods biggest hits), WWIs faculty is headed by dean John Jerome Lee, a former entertainment industry executive. Its advisory board includes acclaimed director Shyam Benegal and superstar Shah Rukh Khan, DreamWorks Animations Shelley Page, Elizabeth director Shekhar Kapur and producer David Puttnam. Almost 80% of people working in the industry dont have professional training and hence end up learning on the job, which was the impetus for us to launch WWI, says Ghais daughter, Meghna Ghai Puri, who is also WWIs president. It offers a unique, two-year MBA in media and entertainment (for) people who want to be executives in areas such as marketing and finance. Specializations include directing, cinematography and editing, along with animation and acting. Tuition is about $28,900 for the two-year program. Nyay Bhushan ITALY Scuola Nazionale di Cinema Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia Michelangelo Antonioni, Dino De Laurentiis, Vittorio Storaro and Italian screen icon Claudia Cardinale are just a few of the famous names who began their film education at the Centro Sperimentale, the oldest and most prestigious film school in Italy. Once accepted by the schools highly selective board, acting students study with leading man Giancarlo Giannini, cinematography students learn from Giuseppe Rotunno (Fellinis lenser on 1983s And the Ship Sails On) and would-be directors work with helmer Roberto Faenza (By the Light of Day). Connected to the Cineteca Nazionale, one of the biggest film archives in Europe, the CSC regularly organizes seminars with international filmmakers, from Martin Scorsese to Wim Wenders. While continually upgrading its state-of-the-art equipment, Centros tuition is a very reasonable at $2,000 per year for the two- and three-year programs. One of Centros peculiarities is its total effort in involving the students in all the movies made by CSC Production, and introducing graduates into working crews, says dean Andrea Crisanti. Martina Riva JORDAN Red Sea Institute of Cinematic Arts Offering the first and only MFA program in cinematic arts in the Middle East and North Africa, RSICA is a joint venture between the Royal Film Commission of Jordan and the School of Cinematic Arts at USC. Located in historic Aqaba (which any aspiring filmmaker should recognize from Lawrence of Arabia), RSICA launched in 2008, graduating its first class of 21 students in May 2002. With tuition in the $25,000 range, the school is another step forward for Jordan, which has garnered Hollywoods attention recently through an aggressive campaign to expand its burgeoning film sector. Jordan is by far the most progressive and secular regime in that region, says James Hindman, dean and chief academic officer. They started developing a media plan in 2003 which included a very active, western-style film commission as well as training for crews. With students coming from all over the region, including Lebanon, Kuwait, Syria and Iran, Hindman says the goal is to offer practical training that will allow them to function on any film set in the world. We want them to be able to eat, he adds with a laugh. Kevin Cassidy PHILIPPINES The International Academy of Film and Television, Philippines Founded in 2004, the IAFT is located at Bigfoot Studios, a professional studio on the tropical resort island of Cebu, giving students access to state-of-the-art equipment and facilities. The academy prides itself on bringing Hollywood to Asia and a hands-on approach to filmmaking education, says Mark Martin, IAFTs executive director. He notes that, through Bigfoot Entertainment, students get to work on the sets of feature films for international release. The academy offers various diplomas in filmmaking, sound design and acting, and recently started a nine-month professional immersion program that guarantees students experience on one feature film from preproduction to post. IAFT has also signed an agreement with Jacksonville University allowing graduates to enter Jacksonvilles B. A. program as sophomores. About 70 students graduate each year, with fees ranging from $7,970-$14,290. Sonia Kolesnik ov-Jessop University of the Philippines Film Institute The University of the Philippines Film Institute offers a four-year bachelors degree in filmmaking, which combines film theory and production courses, as well as a masters degree in media studies. Both cost about $1,000 a year. The institute, which has about 75 film graduates a year, is equipped with basic camera and lighting equipment and has an editing lab for post production. In addition to lectures by notable Filipino cinematographers such as Nap Jamir and Neil Daza, the Institute offers workshops and short training courses covering all areas of production. UPFI produces filmmakers, not technicians, notes senior lecturer Sari Delana. Whether it is in mainstream filmmaking, independent filmmaking or television, many of our alumni have become directors. Recent alumni include helmers Raya Martin, who has had three films screened in Cannes, and Pepe Diokno, whose first feature, Engkwentro, won the prize for best debut at Venice last year.

11 Six Figure Jobs Beyond Doctor or Lawyer

11 Six Figure Jobs Beyond Doctor or Lawyer You don’t have to become a doctor or a lawyer to make $100k a year or more. Take a look at these 11 six figure jobs you may not have thought of as quite so high-paying. Keep in mind that compensation can come in many more forms than just your annual salary. And remember to keep your options open! 1. Special AgentLet alone the fact that the job title is super cool, you can make over $120k per year as an FBI agent. Or an agent for similar companies or law enforcement. To get hired, you’ll probably want a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, plus some military or law enforcement experience. These jobs can be action packed or desk-oriented, but most will likely require some extra non-standard or on-call work hours.2. Airline PilotAgain, you’ll want either military flight experience or a degree in aviation, physics, or some other related field. In addition to your flying skill, good quick-thinking and savvy leadership is required. Nonstandard schedule again, but also routinely $120k and above.3. Regional Sales ExecutiveA college degree may or may not be necessary here. You’ll have to work your way up and through the company a bit, getting to know the product backwards and forwards, but if you have what it takes and you have excellent communication skills, you could easily hit the executive level, and your total compensation could easily breach $100k per year.4. Nurse PractitionerNPs are required to have a Master’s degree in nursing, plus whatever state level qualifications and certifications apply. But they can also build their own private practices, have some control over their schedules, and make $100k or more per year.5. Reservoir EngineerIdentify and go after gas reserves underground. All you’ll need is a degree in chemical engineering, and the determination to get the necessary experience in a very technical and nuanced field. But the compensation is usually over $125k, sometimes as high as $143k.6. DentistOkay so this is kind of like being a doctor or lawyer, and you’ll need all the schooling that entails. Four year degree, doctorate in dentistry, qualifying and licensing exams†¦but most dentists run their own practices and make between $125k and $130k per year.7. Equity Research AssociateIf you’re good with numbers and can acquire a bachelor’s degree in finance or economics, this might be the right field for you. You’ll analyze financial trends and do all the fun stuff of investment banking without the ulcers. Typical total median pay, with commissions and other compensation: $100k per year.8. GeophysicistIf you love rocks, and the Earth in general, then get yourself a degree in Geology, then another one. There is a surprising range of positions out there for geophysicists. And you could make nearly $120k per year.9. Physician AssistantPAs are like NPs. They also require a master’s degree, but you go through different programs. The only difference is PAs have to work more closely with MDs and so have less flexibility and autonomy, but they still break $100k per year.10. Drilling EngineerDrill baby, drill. If you have a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering, or another relevant field, and you are confident and comfortable managing a team where safety is of the utmost importance, than this field could be for you. Expect to make around or over $110k.11. Software ArchitectIf you’re more the indoor type, and love technology, then get yourself a degree in math, computer science, software engineering†¦ or just show your coding mettle in other ways. You might need to put in some long hours, and you’ll have to have Batman-esque skills in order to provide company’s with the tools they need to operate at their best, but you can make over $130k per year.

French Immigration Law through a European perspective. An analysis of Dissertation

French Immigration Law through a European perspective. An analysis of the right to free movement of EU Nationals in France - Dissertation Example European citizenship shall be conferred upon any person holding the nationality of a Member State and shall be known as citizens of the European Union however such citizenship shall be additional to and not intended to replace national citizenship. And, as EU citizens, they shall have the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States; the right to vote and to stand as candidates in elections to the European Parliament and in municipal elections in their Member State of residence under the same conditions as nationals of that State; the right to enjoy the protection of the diplomatic and consular authorities of any Member State on the same conditions as the nationals of that State; and the right to petition the European Parliament, to apply to the European Ombudsman, and to address the institutions and advisory bodies of the Union in any of the Treaty languages and to obtain a reply in the same language. In consonance with the foregoing rights of the EU citizens, European Parliament and Council Directive 2004/38/EC of 29 April 2004 was issued to govern the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. It is the tasked of this dissertation to determine whether the freedom of movement and residence of EU citizens within the Member States is absolute by presenting the national immigration policies of a Member State which for this purpose shall be France. This dissertation shall endeavor to resolve whether the EU laws and directives on the free movement and residence are mandatory in character and in cases of transgressions, the EU has the power and authority to mete penalties or sanctions against the erring Member States. The French government restructured its immigration system by virtue of Act No. 2006-911 of 24 July 2006, otherwise known as the Immigration and Integration Law 2006. The newly enacted law implements a more stringent immigration policy against illegal migrants including EU citizens belonging to the Roma community. At the forefront is France’s systematic campaign against the Roma community by dismantling its camps and deporting them en masse for real or imagined violations. And worse, the expulsions were implemented without compliance to substantive and procedural due process. The Amnesty International (AI) and the United Nation Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) have publicly denounced the discriminatory and racial misconduct against them by the French government. Instead of heeding the appeal of the international bodies, France justified its extreme action of the deporting

Financial Risk ManagementOption Trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Risk ManagementOption Trading - Essay Example Commodity risk arises from the potential movement in the underlying commodity and as such includes energy products as commodity. (Jorion, 2007). The speculative trading in options by CAO indicate that the company was betting too much on speculations about the movement in the prices of the oil in international market which however, did not happened positively all the time and company plunged into troubles. Historically, it has been observed that the energy products are relatively more volatile as compared to other commodities and as such unorganized speculative activity in such products definitely result into losses for the firms. Credit Risk is another important aspect of overall risk management and firms have to relatively take care of the fact that credit worthiness of the parties with whom they are trading is good. Credit rating therefore plays a critical role in defining the future relationship of the counter parties to any transaction. The major role of credit ratings and credit rating agencies is therefore of providing an independent opinion based on certain specific criteria.(Servigny & Renault, 2004). The analysis of the given facts will indicate that the firm attempted to involve itself in trade with companies whose credit worthiness was not good in the market. By trading on their behalf, CAO actually attempted to acquire the credit of risk of those companies whose overall credit risk was relatively higher as compared to other companies. CAO entered on behalf of the airlines by offering identical contract terms to counter parties and in return of premium waiver of those air lines, CAO basically assumed the credit risk of all such airlines. The involvement of back to back transactions itself indicated that the CAO was more than willing to assume the credit risk of these airlines however, with more volatile increase in the oil prices, the overall net exposure of CAO

English: The Official Language?

English: The Official Language? For better or for worse, like it or not, English is in effect the official language of the planet. It is the most commonly used language of international commerce, politics, science, diplomacy, and the most commonly used language on the Internet. It is a lingua franca, or vehicular language, i.e. a language spoken and utilized outside of the country or countries of its origin, as opposed to a vernacular language, i.e. a language spoken within and amongst native speakers in the country of origin. English, like other lingua franca of the past, is often used as a second language to effect common communication for a specific purpose (such as diplomacy) between people for whom the lingua franca is not their first language. For example, French was once the lingua franca of diplomacy up until around World War I, only to be supplanted by English; scientists themselves declared English to be their lingua franca in a 1989 article in The Scientist magazine bluntly entitled The English Language: The Lingua Franca Of International Science. One may view the domination and global use of English as linguistic and cultural imperialism, and indeed we shall explore this notion further, but the simple fact is that the situation is unlikely to change any time soon. It is everywhere. Some 380 million people speak it as their first language and perhaps two-thirds as many again as their second. A billion are learning it, about a third of the worlds population are in some sense exposed to it and by 2050, it is predicted, half the world will be more or less proficient in it. (The Economist, 2001). It is thus in the best interest of citizens and governments of any nations that wish to participate on the global stage economically, politically, scientifically, etc., to embark upon official programs to ensure that people have the opportunity to learn English; in fact, it may be argued that the teaching of English should be mandatory in such nations. While there are cultural drawbacks to the institutionalized teaching of English in non-ENL countries, the benefits seem to outweigh the drawbacks, and we shall explore both as well. To understand the merits of education in English, as well as its drawbacks and the practical requirements therein, we must first understand something of the merits of the English language itself, the historical circumstances and cultures that spawned it, and why it continues to be durable and vital as a universal language. The global influence and power of the British Empire, and then subsequently the United States as the British Empires scope gradually eroded, is primarily responsible for the primacy of English as a de facto official international language. Latin, once the lingua franca for most of Europe, was gradually supplanted in the 17th and 18th century as global exploration and colonization; for a time, scholars and clerics who regularly traveled across the boundaries of national languages continued to use Latin and their lingua franca. But as knowledge of Latin declined and the rise of merchant and professional classes produced travelers unschooled in Latin,people sought alternative means of international communications. (Graddol,2000, p. 6) The victory of the Allies in World War II cannot be underestimated in terms of representing a huge step in cementing the destiny of English as the language eventually destined to be the universal language of the globe. The only two potential rivals at the time were French, mostly due to historical inertia, and German, mostly due to the astonishing rise to military and economic power of Nazi Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. Had the U.S. not lent its economic and military might to defeat the Germans and the Japanese, English might be a quaint relic of the planets short-lived experiment in democracy. Had Hitler won World War II and had the USA been reduced to a confederation banana republics, we would probably today use German as a universal vehicular language, and Japanese electronic firms would advertise their products in Hong Kong airport duty-free shops in German. (Eco, 1995, p. 331) Unlike almost every other major nation that fought in World War II, the United States emerged with its economy not only intact, but also thriving. It was therefore no surprise that the United States took the lead in forming and administering institutions to aid the reconstruction and reintegration of Europe, Japan, and many other regions of the world. In short order, English-speaking nations were also exporting their culture, not simply their goods and goodwill. The ongoing hegemony that the United States and Britain enjoy in terms of cultural communications film, television, books, music, etc., helps perpetuate the influence and staying power of English as an official language. Even such cultural communications that are translated into the native languages of individual countries are not immune to the Englishness of the communications, i.e., the distinctly American and/or British cultural elements that inform the language of the communications and therefore necessarily survive any competent translation and are inculcated into the minds of the listener/viewer/reader. In ways too intricate, too diverse for socio-linguistics to formulate precisely, English and American-English seem to embody for men and women throughout the world -and particularly for the young the feel of hope, of material advance, of scientific and empirical procedures. The entire world-image of mass consumption, of international exchange, of the popular arts, of generational conflict, of technocracy, is permeated by American-English and English citations and speech habits. (Steiner, 1975, p. 469) Other than the cultural, military, and political hegemony of the British Empire and of the United States, what might account for the staying power of English as a lingua franca? From a linguistic perspective, English is hardly the most sensible choice for a quasi-official global language. English, simply put, is not the most efficient and consistent language. English is an irregular and fractured language comprised of influences from Latin and Celtic, and later Scandinavian and Norman French tongues. Its syntax, construction, verb conjugation,spelling, and other grammatical constructions, etc., are riddled with maddening inconsistencies that at times befuddle even native speakers, to say nothing ofthose who struggle for years to master it as a second language. English lacks the simplicity and consistency of the Romance languages to the extent that it varies from its Latin and French influences, though it is certainly easier to learn and utilize than some Asian tongues. However, these same elements that make English a flawed language are also believed by many linguists to be strengths that assist in the durability and adaptability of English; it has historically adapted to and incorporated language influences with ease that it has encountered from around the globe. English has always been an evolving language and language contact has been an important driver of change Some analysts see this hybridity and permeability of English as defining features, allowing it to expand quickly into new domains and explaining in part its success as a world language. (Graddol, 2000, p. 6) As English owes its existence to the fact that it absorbs, not rejects new linguistic and cultural influences, its inherently hybridized nature makes it all the easier for English to assimilate characteristics of other cultures and languages, instead of reject them or demand they conform to some sort of rigid structure. As the rules of English are a bit fast and loose, English is well-suited to evolve on the fly. There are a variety of challenges facing both those who wish to learn English as a second language and those who wish to teach it. Some of these challenges are cultural, some are practical, but the utilization of English by non-native speakers in non-ENL nations is never as simple a matter as it might seem. Culturally speaking, some aspiring English speakers may feel pressure from the more traditional and/or conservative members of their own cultures to resist what they may label as American cultural imperialism, the decadent influence of consumer capitalist values from the West that are transmitted through theEnglish language. To embrace these values at the expense of ones own language and culture is frowned upon in many conservative cultures, for example, particularlyin fundamentalist Muslim cultures which have suffered from seriously strained relations with the United States in the past six to ten years. Often, proficiency in one or more indigenous or native tongues will co-exist, mingle, and/or exist in hierarchal forms of usage with English. The acquisition of English skills does not necessarily lead to the supplanting or replacement of the native tongue with English; the choice of which language to speak is often context- and audience-dependent. For example, in some cases speakers will employ code-switching, in which two participants in a conversation, who know both English and a local vernacular language, will switch back and forth between the two tongues as a means of negotiating and navigating their relationship, in some cases even alternating back and forth between languages within the same sentence. Graddol (2000) outlines some fascinating examples, including a situation in which a young job seeker enters an office in Nairobi, Kenya, seeking employment. The vernacular language in question is Swahili; the young man commences his job inquiry with the owner of the establishment by speaking in English. The Kenyan manager of the office, however, insists on using Swahili, thus denying the young mans negotiation of the higher status associated with English. (Myers-Scotton, 1989, p. 339) Their conversation goes as follows: Young Man: Mr Muchuki has sent me to you about the job you put in the paper. Manager: Uitumabarua ya application? [Did you send a letter of application?] Young Man: Yes,I did. But he asked me to come to see you today. Manager: Ikiwaulituma barua, nenda ungojee majibu. Tutakuita ufike kwa interviewsiku itakapofika. [If youve written a letter, then go and wait for a response.We will call you for an interview when the letter arrives.] (pause) Leo sina lasuma kuliko hayo. [Today I havent anything elseto say.] Young man: Asante.Nitangoja majibu. [Thank you. I will wait for the response.] (Graddol, 2000,p. 13) The managerasserts his authority as both manager and adult in a position that commandsrespect, and he utilizes his insistence on the vernacular tongue to indirectlycommunicate this authority and demand for respect from the young man. Theyoung man is shrewd enough a native speaker of Swahili to grasp the subtext ofthe exchange, which is in essence a command to show proper deference and notwalk into a shop trying to exploit the connection with a mutual Kenyan friendby speaking English. It is not that the manager does not speak English; hedoes, but he insists on a certain element of cultural integrity by insisting onSwahili. The young man picks up on this, and therefore switches to Swahili tobid the manager farewell and tacitly submits to the shopkeepers authority byconforming to his wishes. Had the young man entered the office and spokenSwahili, he might have been granted an interview on the spot, though it ispossible the boy meant no disrespect and in fact wished to display hiseducati on by speaking English. In any case, this example shows thefascinating, multi-layered cultural and personal interchanges that go on duringcode-switching. (Note also that the manager chooses to use the English termsfor interview and application, perhaps because there is no directequivalent in Swahili, or perhaps to illustrate his own ability with English asa point of both pride and warning.) As further examplethat the finding of linguistic common ground is not the cure-all forcommunications difficulties, we now turn to the topic of how speakers interactwhen they share only one language in common, i.e., English, instead of sharingin common speaking ability in both English and their own native, vernacularlanguage. Graddol (2000) provides us with another scenario from the studies ofFirth (1996), in which international phone calls between Dutch and Syrian goodstraders were analyzed to see how the respective parties interacted in English.In some cases, where one speaker is less proficient than the other, the formerwill employ a conversational strategy termed let it pass, in which the lessproficient speaker will mask his lack of understanding of what is being said bythe other by delaying a request for clarification, in hopes that what the firstspeaker said will become understood as the conversation continues. Onehumorous exchange went as follows, in which a Dane (D) and Syrian (S) discussan order of cheese that had gone awry. S: So I told himnot to send the cheese after the blowing in the customs. We dont want theorder after the cheese is blowing. D: I see, yes. S: So I dontknow what we can do with the order now. What do you think we should do withall this blowing, Mr Hansen? D: Im not uh(pause) Blowing? What is this, too big, or what? S: No, thecheese is bad Mr Hansen. It is like fermenting in the customs cool rooms. D: Ah, its goneoff! S: Yes, itsgone off. (Graddol, 2000,p. 13) What this exampledemonstrates is that an entire skill set and mode of sub-communication developsbetween non-native speakers who do not have another frame of reference incommon, i.e., the same vernacular language, further complicating theutilization of English in business and/or commerce situations. There are alsonumerous practical considerations that affect the utilization of English,particularly in teaching it to non-ENL speakers. For example, which versionof English should be taught? Despite the extensive global use of English, itis far from a homogenous language spoken and written in the precisely samemanner in each country. English, as befitting its history, is a language ofmany diverse dialects; British English is different from American English,largely in pronunciation, accent, and certain vocabulary words, and American Englishitself is sub-divisible into any number of different sub-dialects, includingBlack/African-American English, which in its purest form is so unique inaccent, grammar, and slang that it is almost completely unintelligible to manynative English speakers, to say nothing of speakers of English as a secondlanguage (ESL). The numerouschallenges presented by English pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary may alsoserve as a roadblock for both students and teachers. The difficulty ofteaching the ambiguities of unstressed vowels, consonant phenomes, and stresstiming is considerable. English grammar and verb conjugation is extremelyirregular, requiring a considerable amount of rote memorization, instead of theapplication of logical and consistent rules, as found in Romance languages(Spanish and French rely on a consistent set of 13 verb tenses with largelyregular characteristics; English does not.) English vocabulary also requires a large amount of rote memorization, as the innumerable linguistic influences from which English draws its unusually large lexicon make it difficult to extrapolate and create words from basic linguistic structures as a speaker of Spanish can do. For example, the Spanish words pertaining to meat are all rooted in the Latin word carnivorus, whereas in English, they are not: carne = meat; carnicero = butcher; carnicerÃÆ'Â ­a = a store where meat is sold. For Spanish speakers, learning the underlying root word of a concept means the speaker should have little trouble deducing how to say related words; in English, there is no such consistency and therefore the barriers to effective learning and usage are high. On the other hand,there are inherent flaws in other major world languages, for which Englishprovides a natural compensation. One such example is Japanese, an ancient andbeautiful language rich in complexity and the capacity for subtlety and nuanceof expression, but also notorious -for those same reasons for itsinefficiency and lack of clarity when it comes to matters of politics, law,debate, and decision-making. In 1999, one of the most influential Japanesenewspapers, Asahi Shimbun issued a hotly debated call for English to beadopted as the official language of Japan, citing advantages ranging from theobvious greater Japanese ability to participate in science, internationaltrade, politics, etc. to the unusual, i.e., the newspaper asserted that theuse of English would in fact strengthen the usage of Japanese, whose linguisticweaknesses, the paper asserted, played a large part in the inefficiency of thegovernment. Quoting Yoshio Terasawa, a former director of Japans Economic Planning Agency, former member of the House of Councilors, and former president of Nomura Securities U.S. division, the newspaper delivered a stinging indictment of its own native language and recommended the usefulness of English when it came to decision-making in business and government: Japanese is fullof vague expressions, so people rarely talk in terms of black and white and itis very easy to blur responsibility. It is an everyday occurrence forgovernment ministers to spend 10 minutes answering a question in the Diet [theJapanese Parliament] without actually saying anything. But if Diet memberscould put their questions in English, it might be possible to do away with thenon-committal bureaucratic language that is too wishy-washy to translate intoEnglish. People wouldnt be able to fudge the issues any more, and not just inpolitics. (Kinomoto, 1999) The article wenton to remark, with some astonishment, that the expected outcries of culturalimperialism and the imminent demise of the celebrated individuality andindependence of the Japanese culture, were few and far between. The Japanesehave yet to make English their official language, unsurprisingly given theirhistoric national pride, but the open advocacy of the virtues of English usagewas remarkable. In the end, theutilization of English as a lingua franca second language has clear benefits.While the potential obliteration of cultural diversity worldwide, a constantsource of worry and debate, seems valid, one only need look as far as theexample of the Swahili-speaking office manager to see that indigenous speakersare finding ways for English and their own vernacular languages to co-exist,even with a bit of unease. So the challenge becomes not so much about whetheror not English is of neutral or positive benefit; it self-evidently is; butrather how to go about navigating the parallel use of English with otherlanguages across the globe, both augmenting the strengths of and compensatingfor the weaknesses of local cultures and local tongues. BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES Fennell, Barbara. A History of English:A Sociolinguistic Approach, Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Garfield, Eugene. The English Language:The Lingua Franca Of International Science, The Scientist Magazine,1989, 3(10):12, 15 May 1989. The Triumph of English: A World Empire byOther Means, The Economist, 20 December 2001. Graddol, David. The Future of English?The British Council, 1997, 2000. Eco, U. The Search for the PerfectLanguage. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1995. Graddol, David, Dick Leith JoanSwann. English : History, Diversity and Change London: Routledge, 1996. FBailer, R. M. Gorlach,(eds.) Englishas a World Language. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press, 1982. Myers-Scotton, C. Code Switching withEnglish: Types of Switching, Types of Communities, World English, Vol.8, No. 3., pp. 333-46. Kachru, B.. The Alchemy of English.Pergamon Press, 1982. Trudgill, P. J. Hannah. InternationalEnglish: A Guide to Varieties of Standard English, Arnold Publishers, 1982. Kinomoto, Keusuke. Should English Be Madethe Official Language? Asahi Shimbun, 29 August 1999.

Death penalty Essay

Introduction Over several years, the death penalty has existed among various countries, and used to eliminate killers who are considered extremely dangerous in the society. According to various sources, the fear associated with the death penalty discourages individuals with the propensity of conducting such inhumane crimes. Application of the death penalty, however, comes with mixed reactions from the society since some people support it while others are against it due to various reasons. Therefore, this essay seeks to justify the rightfulness of the death penalty since it is associated with a significant level of reduction in malicious murders. Arguments against Death Penalty In a number of cases, the death penalty has resulted in various disputes; for example, where innocent individuals have been convicted despite the fact that they were not involved in such crimes. Unfortunately, some of these victims were executed, or put on the death row just before the truth was established, and their innocence proven (Harris, 2012). From 1973, 11 Texans and 128 others across the United States have been set free and cleared from the death penalty as a result of proof of their wrongful conviction (All Voices, 2012). Generally, the death penalty is considered as the harshest sentence for any known felony. More so, it is the only punishment that will remain irreversible after the sentence has been made. When an inmate is found not guilty of committing the crime that led to his imprisonment, they can always be set free and have their names cleared. However, where the convict had already been put to death, the punishment can never be reversed: In no circumstance will saying – sorry, we had the wrong person – help the family of the victim, but will only increase their pain. Several people are usually against the idea of the death penalty due to the possibility of executing innocent people. Such people would never want to imagine the risk of executing innocent people; in fact – for nearly ten years now – innocence has resulted in the creation of a strong argument in death penalty dialogue. In this fight, abolitionists have played an important role especially where they have successfully pointed out the innocence in some convicts with the aid of post conviction DNA tests (Aronson & Simon, 2009). Arguments in Favor of Death Penalty On the other hand, the death penalty is considered as an eye for an eye and that all convicted killers should be executed in order to attain evenness. The most horrible felony warrants no less than the most horrible sentence, which should mean an eye for an eye. As such, the victim’s family should feel that the offender was given the most intense judgment other than just being locked up in a prison and keep enjoying their life. In many unfortunate cases, the murderers have been given a life sentence without a possibility of parole, and they have managed to live for longer periods than their actual victims actually lived on earth. To make the situation worse, such inmates live a comfortable life in prison, getting three meals per day and an afternoon to practice, while the victim’s family lives a life of anguish. Denis Rader (BTK), born and raised in Wichita, Kansas, was an excellent example of a very notorious serial killer that used to bind, torture and kill his victims without any mercy (Harris, 2012). In one of his dreadful attacks, he killed an 11-year old girl called Josephine Otero by hanging her from a drain pipe (Harris, 2012). Unfortunately, the murderer was given a 175 years sentence despite the fact that he killed an entire family, as well as other innocent people (Harris, 2012). Actually, it is not justified for a murderer to live while innocent people suffer death: Rader did not have the right to torture and kill his victims, so it is not justified that he was granted a right to his life. In several cases, some of the most dangerous killers have only spent their life in prison. As such, is there anything, or a particular sentence that could assist in reducing the intensity of murders within the society? Several studies have indicated that the fear of death discourages people from committing various targeted crimes. Capital punishment would serve as an excellent solution since it would assist in lowering murder crimes; hence, it would serve as a perfect crime preventive solution. As such, most criminals would think twice before killing their victims since they would realize the fact that their lives were at stake for any murder act. I would say that the use of the death penalty could certainly lower the incidences of violent murders since this would play a crucial part in the elimination of cruel repeat offenders. In connection, statistics show that there are approximately 20,000 murders every single year within the United States, which drastically increased from 10,000 deaths per year after the death penalty was dropped in some states (Boys, 2012). The elimination of the death penalty, 1965; therefore, led to increase in the number of murders by about 10,000 people per year (Boys, 2012). With these statistics, it is evident that murderers commit more murders due to the knowledge that the worst they could get for murder is life imprisonment. This means that bringing back the death penalty would help in the reduction of brutal murders by repeat offenders. However, the death penalty should be implemented where the evidence for murder can be proved beyond any reasonable doubt so as to avoid executing innocent victims. Conclusion It is evident that the arguments in favor of implementing the death penalty far much outweigh those against its implementation. I would then mention the fact that the death penalty will assist in lowering cases of malicious murders within the society, as well as serve as the best sentence when compared the affliction of the victim’s family. Hence, I conclude this essay by supporting the fact that implementation of the death penalty is justified because it assists in the reduction of malicious murders; at the same time, remains the best punishment for convicted murderers.

A Description of Analytic Psychology

Advanced Counselling Skills Level 4 Assignment 0ne 1. Briefly describe Analytic Psychology www. jungclub-london. org C. G. Jung Analytical Psychology Club London. â€Å"Who looks outside, dreams, who looks inside, awakens,† The term ‘psychoanalyst' is currently used to cover all those facts and theories presented in the works of Freud, Jung, and Adler. However it is often recommended that it should be applied only to the theory and practice of Freud and his disciples, and that the theory and practice of Jung should be designated ‘Analytical Psychology', and that the theory and practice of Adler should be designated ‘Individual Psychology'.Psychoanalysis' in this broader sense covers both a set of theories and a set of practices. Analytic psychology is the analysis of the human mind, psyche and the unconscious, as well as the conscious components of the mind. It is thought that man's behaviour and his conscious states can be explained only by unconscious sourc es of motivation. What is common in the practice of the psychoanalytic schools is the use of special techniques for bringing these unconscious factors into light. The practice of psychoanalysis has grown out of the treatment of mental illness.In one sense, the practice of psychoanalysis is prior to the theories, since the theories first were developed from experiences from therapeutic practice. These theories have, however, been extended and enriched by material derived from other sources. Jung believed that the mind could be divided into unconscious and conscious parts. He felt that the unconscious mind was made up of layers. The personal unconscious is the part of the unconscious mind in which is stored each person's unique personal experiences and memories that may not be consciously remembered.Jung believed that the contents of each person's personal unconscious are organized in terms of complexes – clusters of emotional unconscious thoughts. One may have a complex toward s their mother or towards their partner. Jung referred to the second layer of unconsciousness as the collective unconscious. This level contains memories and behavioural predisposition's that all people have inherited from common ancestors in the distant human past, providing us with essentially shared memories and tendencies.People across space and time tend to interpret and use experience in similar ways because of â€Å"archetypes† – universal, inherited human tendencies to perceive and act in certain ways. During analytic therapy, Jung may use certain archetypes to explain person’s unconscious thoughts that in turn affect their outward behaviour. He believed that there are certain archetypes that are important in people's lives. These archetypes are as follows. The persona archetype is the part of our personality that we show the world, the part that we are willing to share with others.The shadow archetype is the darker part of a person, the part that embrac es what we view as frightening, hateful and even evil about ourselves – the part of us that we hide not only from others but also from ourselves. The anima is the feminine side of a mans personality, which shows tenderness, caring, compassion and warmth to others, yet which is more irrational and based on emotions. The animus is the masculine side of a woman's personality, the more rational and logical side of the woman.Jung posited that men often try to hide their anima both from others and from themselves because it goes against their idealized image of what men should be. According to Jung, archetypes play a role in our interpersonal relationships. For example, the relationship between a man and a woman calls into play the archetypes in each individual's collective unconscious. The anima helps the man to understand his female companion, just as the animus helps the woman to understand her male partners.Jung felt that the â€Å"self† – the whole of the persona lity, including both conscious and unconscious elements – strives for unity among the opposing parts of the personality. Jung distinguishes two differing attitudes to life, two ways of reacting to circumstances, which he finds so widespread that he could describe them as typical. The extraverted attitude, characterized by an outward personality, an interest in events, in people and things, a relationship with them, and a dependence on them. This type is motivated by outside factors and greatly influenced by the environment.The extraverted type is sociable and confident in unfamiliar surroundings. He or she is generally on good terms with the world, and even when disagreeing with it can still be described as related to it, for instead of withdrawing (as the opposite type tends to do) they prefer to argue and quarrel, or try to reshape it according to their own pattern. The introverted attitude, in contrast, is one of withdrawal of the personality and is concentrated upon perso nal factors, and their main influence is ‘inner needs'. When this attitude is habitual Jung speaks of an ‘introverted type'.This type lacks confidence in relation to people and things, tends to be unsociable, and prefers reflection to activity. Jung uses the term Analytical Psychology to describe his own approach, which is not only a way of healing, but also of developing the personality through the individuation process. Since individuation is not the goal of all who seek psychological help he varies his treatment according to the age, state of development, and temperament of his patients ‘ and does not neglect either the sexual urge or the will to power. 2. What were the life stages identified by Freud: ww. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud â€Å"At that time, the eel life cycle was unknown and Freud spent four weeks at the which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience† Famed originator of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud crea ted a psychosexual model of human development based upon the erogenous zones of the body. He believed that as these zones matured neurologically, they activated the emotional world of the child (largely resident in the unconscious), and in the course of doing so, created the basis for later emotional health or mental illness in adulthood.The stages are as follows: Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development (ages 0-18 months) – At this stage, the infant is focused upon getting pleasure from its mouth, especially through breastfeeding, which may be a source of satisfaction or frustration for the baby. Anal Stage of Psychosexual Development (18 months – 3 1/2 years) – At this stage, the young child is fixated upon its own process of eliminating faeces, experiencing pleasure in the anal regions of the body, and reacting emotionally to attempts by parents or other caregivers to control this physical function through toilet training.Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Developme nt (3 1/2 years – 6 years) – At this stage, the penis or vagina is the source of erotic satisfaction for the child, and he or she fantasizes about getting pelvic pleasure with the opposite sex parent and aggressively doing away with the same sex parent (the Oedipal Crisis). Latency Stage of Psychosexual Development (6 years – puberty) – At this stage, the emotional surges of the previous three stages go into hiding for a few years as the child learns how to repress, project, introject, sublimate, and in other ways channel the psychosexual energies of their earlier development.Of Psychosexual Development (puberty – adulthood) – At this stage, the psychosexual instincts of the first three stages of development reassert themselves at puberty, but instead of being directed toward fantasy or the child's own body, are directed Genital Stage outward toward a genuine love relationship focused on heterosexual genital sex. The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally.A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. Freud called this ordinary memory the preconscious. In Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the conscious mind includes everything that is inside of our awareness. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about in a rational way. The conscious mind includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling and fantasies inside of our current awareness.Closely allied with the conscious mind is the preconscious, which includes the things that we are not thinking of at the moment but which we can easily draw into conscious awareness the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.In Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behaviour and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth.This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviours. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink.The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met. However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behaviour would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable.According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need. The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification–the ego will eventually allow the behaviour, but only in the appropriate time and place. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id's primary process.The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalised moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society–our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. There are two parts of the superego: The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviours. These behaviours include those, which are approved of by parental and other authority figures.Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviours are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behaviour. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious.With so many competing forces, it is easy to see how conflict might arise between the id, ego and superego. Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the ego's ability to function despite these duelling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures, while those with too much or too little ego strength can become too unyielding or too disrupting. According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego. The term got its start in psychoanalytic therapy, but it has slowly worked its way into everyday language.Think of the last time you referred to someone as being â€Å"in denial† or accused someone of â€Å"rationalizing. † Both of these examples refer to a type of defense mechanism. In Sigmund Freud's topographical model of personality, the ego is the aspect of personality that deals with reality. While doing this, the ego also has to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. The id seeks to fulfill all wants, needs and impulses while the superego tries to get the ego to actin an idealistic and moral manner.What happens when the ego cannot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality and our own moral standards? According to Freud, anxiety is an unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid. Anxiety acts as a signal to the ego that things are not going right. Frued identified three types of anxiety:Neurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the id's urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior. Reality anxiety is fear of real-world events. The cause of this anxiety is usually easily identified.For example, a person might fear receiving a dog bite when they are near a menacing dog. The most common way of reducing this anxiety is to avoid the threatening o bject. Moral anxiety involves a fear of violating our own moral principles. In order to deal with this anxiety, Freud believed that defense mechanisms helped shield the ego from the conflicts created by the id, superego and reality. 3. what factors determine a person’s behaviour according to watson: â€Å"Behaviourism †¦ holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behaviour of the human being.Behaviourism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviourist †¦ holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic†¦. The great mass of people even today has not yet progressed very far away from savagery – it wants to believe in magic†¦. Almost every era has its new magic, black or white, and its new magician. Moses had his magic: he smote the rock and water gushed out. Christ had his magic: he turned water into wine and raised the dead to li fe†¦. Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in asystematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. There are two major types of conditioning:Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment s for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Behaviourism holds that only observable behaviours should be studied, as cognition and mood are too subjective.According to behaviourist theory, our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviours. Important concepts such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and reinforcement have arisen from behaviourism. In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while classical conditioning involves no such enticements. Also remember that classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and perform some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished. . list 6 examples of metaneeds and metapathologies: www. oaks. nvg. org/abraham-maslow. html â€Å"Metaneeds and metapathologies. Another way that Maslow approaches the problem of self-actual ization is to talk about special, driving needs† The basic psychological needs are the instinctive needs for the self-respect and self-esteem which provide the conditions for psychological growth and full personality development. The most urgent or ‘prepotent' is the need for freedom from fear and anxiety i. . the need for safety or ‘security'. Security needs which includes the need to strive for   perfection or ‘ideals' is communicated through loving care and affection of ‘unconditional love' i. e. the need for ‘belongingness'. The sense of belongingness is the basis for approval of one's identity and expectations for oneself – faith in oneself as ‘self-respect' or ‘self-esteem' i. e. the ‘ego needs'. Gratification of ego needs establishes a natural condition of self-identity  or ‘healthy ego'.The healthy ego involves a high evaluation of the self based on faith in one's potentialities, recognition and appreciat ion of one's personal achievements, competence and confidence in the sense of importance of one's status. This basic sense of worthiness leads to the sense of purpose – ‘self-directedness' or ‘self-discipline' – which is prerequisite to ‘spiritual growth' of complete ‘personality development' of maturity i. e. ‘self-actualisation. Self-actualisation is mature growth which involves the harmonising of psychic forces i. . ‘growth motivation'. Metaneeds are human motivations for spiritual growth of the human organism as a social organism†¦ subconscious needs for awareness of human values for living: ‘social values' or ‘human values'  Metaneeds are instinctive needs of the human organism as a social organism which depends for survival on human solidarity and social cooperation. Metaneeds are the survival needs of creative   socialisation – the higher psychological needs for personality integration.The metaneeds are the so-called ‘higher spiritual needs' – the ‘Being needs' (‘B-needs') for self-transcendence – the needs for truth, morality, goodness, beauty, perfection, justice, kindness, happiness, serenity, wisdom, love simplicity, lawfulness, and ego-transcendance etc. The metaneeds are equally urgent or ‘potent' and each can be defined in terms of the others. In the process of normal psychological growth the subconscious B-needs rise to the conscious level of awareness as the human values for living – the ‘social values' i. e. ‘Being-values' or ‘B-values' i. e. ‘human values'.In the transcendental realm, the being needs become the ‘being-values'. They are just as biologically based as are the so-called ‘lower needs' – the   obviously physiological needs of hunger and thirst. The transcendant, religious, esthetic, and philosophical facets of life are as real and intrinsic to human nature as any oth er biological needs. Each of the human values represents a different facet of the development of ‘moral conciousness' or ‘conscience'. As the source of human values the functions to maintain the integration of personality while adapting to changes in the socal environment.Development of conscience depends on gratification of metaneeds in a process of ‘spiritual growth'. Psychologist Abraham Maslow (1954) stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfilment and change through personal growth. Maslow described self-actualized people as those who were fulfilled and doing all they were capable of. By studying people he considered to be self-actualised (including Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein and William James). Maslow identified 15 characteristics of a self-actualised person (illustrated as a pyramide).For example: enjoyment of new experiences, sense of humour, close friendships, creativity etc. It is not necessary to display all 15 characteristics to become self-actualised, and not only self-actualised people will display them. Maslow did not equate self-actualisation with perfection. Self-actualisation merely involves achieving ones potential. Thus someone can be silly, wasteful, vain and impolite, and still self-actualise. Less than one percent of the population achieve self-actualisation. The hierarchy of needs include: Biological and Physiological needs – air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.Safety needs – protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. Belongingness and Love needs – work group, family, affection, relationships, etc. Esteem needs – self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc. Self-Actualisation needs – realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. 5. Describe the theories of Carl Rogers. How do you think his work is relevant t o the counselling you will undertake with your clients? www. simplypsychology. org/carl-rogers. tml â€Å"Carl Rogers believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to †¦ Central to Rogers' personality theory is the notion of self or Self-Concept† Theory of Personality Development Rogers' therapy was an extension of his theory of personality development and was known as client-centred therapy, since the basis of the therapy was designed around the client. According to Rogers each person has within them the inherent tendency to continue to grow and develop. As a result of this the individual's self-esteem and self-actualisation is continually influenced.This development can only be achieved through what Rogers refers to as â€Å"unconditional positive regard. In order for an individual to experience total self-actualisation the therapist must express complete acceptance of the patient. Roger's found that this was best achieved through the method of â₠¬Å"reflection†, in which the therapist continually restates what the â€Å"patient† has said in an attempt to show complete acceptance and to allow the patient to recognize any negative feelings that they may be feeling. Throughout the counselling session the therapist may make small interruptive remarks in order to help identify certain factors.For the most part the â€Å"patient† is allowed to direct the course of the session. Rogers began to use the expression â€Å"client† instead of â€Å"patient† due to the fact that the individuals that he was counselling did need help but not within the same regard that a medically ill person does. These individuals do not need to completely surrender themselves to a medical expert although they do need help. Today throughout the field of psychology it is a worldwide practice to address the individual as a client instead of a patient.Eventually throughout its development Rogers theory began to be known as â €Å"people-centred† due to its expansion beyond psychotherapy to such areas as education, marriage, leadership, parent-child relationships, and the development of professional standards. Within each branch that Rogers theory expanded to there were several basic elements that were applied to each. They were as follows: The individual comes for help. This is the most significant step within the steps of therapy. The individual has taken it upon himself to take the first step for help even if he does not recognize this as the reason he's there.The helping situation is defined. The client is made aware that the counsellor does not have the answers, but that with assistance he can, work out his own solutions to his problems. . The counsellor encourages free expression of feelings in regard to the problem. The counsellor provides the client with a friendly, interested, and receptive attitude, which helps to bring about free expression. The counsellor accepts, recognizes, and clarif ies negative feelings. Whatever the negative feelings are the counsellor must say and do things, which helps the client recognize the negative feelings at hand.When the individual's negative feelings have been expressed they are followed by expressions of positive impulses, which make for growth. The counsellor accepts and recognizes the positive feelings in the same manner as the negative feelings. There is insight, understanding of the self, and acceptance of the self along with possible courses of actions. This is the next important aspect because it allows for new levels. Then comes the step of positive action along with the decreasing the need for help. When I am counselling I would use the following teniques: Active listening as a listener I would show much interest.As the listener I would reflect back to the client and only speak to find out if what they said has been correctly heard and understood. I would watch my Body language and take into account my facial expressions, a ngle of my body, proximity of myself to another, placement of arms and legs. I need to monitor the tone of your voice – in the same way that I monitor my body language. I believe that Carl Rogers core conditions I would use such as Empathic understanding I feel this is important when counselling to make sure the client are simply understood – not evaluated, not judged, simply understood from their own point of view.As the facilitator I am real person, being what I say I am, entering into a relationship with the client without presenting a front or a facade, the client is much more likely to be effective. Being real and genuine. This means that feelings that the client is experiencing are available, available to their awareness that I am able to live these feelings, be them, and able to communicate if appropriate. It means coming into a direct personal encounter with the client, meeting the client on a person-to-person basis.Like Carl Rogers I believe that client â€⠀œ centred therapy is for me because it is a non-directive approach is very appealing on the face of it to many clients, because they get to keep control over the content and pace of the therapy. It is intended to serve them, after all. The therapist isn't evaluating them in any way or trying to â€Å"figure them out†. 6. How is attachment theory relevant to counselling? Briefly describe the strange situation test and its importance in attachment theory: www. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Attachment_theory â€Å"Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship† The relationship between a counselor and client is the feelings and attitudes that a client and therapist have towards one another, and the manner in which those feelings and attitudes are expressedThe relationship may be thought of in three parts: transference/countertransference, working alliance, and the real- o r personal-relationship.Another theory about the function of the counseling relationship is known as the secure-base hypothesis, which is related to attachment theory. This hypothesis proposes that the counselor acts as a secure-base from which clients can explore and then check in with. Secure attachment to one's counselor and secure attachment in general have been found to be related to client exploration. Insecure attachment styles have been found to be related to less session depth than securely attached clients. The professional boundary defines the extent and limitations of the relationship with your client.It preserves your client’s confidentiality and creates a ‘safe space’ for your client to reveal and explore personal issues. Boundaries are signified by the temporal and spatial routines of the counseling process: regular appointment times, consistent length of sessions and a dedicated counseling room. Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-ter m relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally.Attachment theory is an interdisciplinary study encompassing the fields of psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory. Immediately after WWII, homeless and orphaned children presented many difficulties, and psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby was asked by the UN to write a pamphlet on the matter. Later he went on to formulate attachment theory. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some months during the period from about six months to two years of age.When an infant begins to crawl and walk they begin to use attachment figures (familiar people) as a secure base to explore from and return to. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment; these, in turn, lead to internal working models which will guide the individual's perceptions, emotions, thoughts and expectations in later relationships. Separation anxiety or grief following the loss of an attachment figure is considered to be a normal and adaptive response for an attached infant. These behaviours may have evolved because they increase the probability of survival of the child.